Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level

Estimates of the climatological mean oceanic meridional heat transport derived from atmospheric observations (e.g., Trenberth and Caron, 2001) and from oceanographic cross sections (e.g., Ganachaud and Wunsch, 2003) are in fair agreement, despite considerable uncertainties (see Appendix 5.A.2).The ocean heat transport estimate derived from integration of climatological air-sea heat fl ux fi elds (e.g