Nucleation of Crystals from Solution: Classical and Two-Step Models

Crystallization is vital to many processes occurring in nature and in the chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Notably, crystallization is an attractive isolation step for manufacturing because this single process combines both particle formation and purification. Almost all of the products based on fine chemicals, such as dyes, explosives, and photographic materials, require crystallization in their manufacture, and more than 90% of all pharmaceutical products contain bioactive drug substances and excipients in the crystalline solid state. Hence control over the crystallization process allows manufacturers to obtain products with desired and reproducible properties. We judge the quality of a…