Costs of dispersal

Dispersal costs can be classified into energetic, time, risk and opportunity costs and may be levied directly or deferred during departure, transfer and settlement. They may equally be incurred during life stages before the actual dispersal event through investments in special morphologies. Because costs will eventually determine the performance of dispersing individuals and the evolution of dispersal, we here provide an extensive review on the different cost types that occur during dispersal in a wide array of organisms, ranging from micro-organisms to plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. In general, costs of transfer have been more widely documented in actively dispersing organisms, in contrast to a…

• SR
  Sight Research UK

  Award: NE/F021402/1
• FD
  Fonds De La Recherche Scientifique - FNRS
• FW
  Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
• AU
  Académie Universitaire ‘Louvain

  Award: 10/15-031
• VR
  Vlaamse regering
• NE
  Natural Environment Research Council

  Awards: NE/F021402/1, NE/F021402/1