The integrated WRF/urban modelling system: development, evaluation, and applications to urban environmental problems

Abstract To bridge the gaps between traditional mesoscale modelling and microscale modelling, the National Center for Atmospheric Research, in collaboration with other agencies and research groups, has developed an integrated urban modelling system coupled to the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model as a community tool to address urban environmental issues. The core of this WRF/urban modelling system consists of the following: (1) three methods with different degrees of freedom to parameterize urban surface processes, ranging from a simple bulk parameterization to a sophisticated multi‐layer urban canopy model with an indoor–outdoor exchange sub‐model that directly interacts with the atmospheric…

• NS
  National Science Foundation
• UE
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
• NC
  National Center for Atmospheric Research
• OO
  Office of Research and Development
• NN
  National Natural Science Foundation of China
• UG
  U.S. Geological Survey
• DT
  Defense Threat Reduction Agency
• UA
  U.S. Air Force
• NR
  National Renewable Energy Laboratory