Entanglement spectrum of a topological phase in one dimension

We show that the Haldane phase of $S=1$ chains is characterized by a double degeneracy of the entanglement spectrum. The degeneracy is protected by a set of symmetries (either the dihedral group of $\ensuremath{\pi}$ rotations about two orthogonal axes, time-reversal symmetry, or bond centered inversion symmetry), and cannot be lifted unless either a phase boundary to another, ``topologically trivial,'' phase is crossed, or the symmetry is broken. More generally, these results offer a scheme to classify gapped phases of one-dimensional systems. Physically, the degeneracy of the entanglement spectrum can be observed by adiabatically weakening a bond to zero, which leaves the two disconnected halves of the…