Association between Water Intake, Chronic Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of NHANES Data

Evidence from animal and human studies suggests a protective effect of higher water intake on kidney function and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here the associations between water intake, chronic kidney disease (CKD) and CVD were examined in the general population.

We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Non-pregnant adults with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥30 ml/min/1.73 m(2) who were not taking diuretics were included. Total water intake from foods and beverages was categorized as low (4.3 l/day). We examined associations between low total water intake and CKD (eGFR 30-60 ml/min/1.73 m(2)) and self-reported CVD.