articleProceedings of the National Academy of SciencesOct 3, 2006GREEN OA

Selective fluorescent imaging of superoxide in vivo using ethidium-based probes

KMKristine M. RobinsonMJMichael JanesMPMariana PeharJSJeffrey S. MonetteMFMeredith F. Ross

Oregon State University · Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable · +1 more institution

PubMed
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Abstract

The putative oxidation of hydroethidine (HE) has become a widely used fluorescent assay for the detection of superoxide in cultured cells. By covalently joining HE to a hexyl triphenylphosphonium cation (Mito-HE), the HE moiety can be targeted to mitochondria. However, the specificity of HE and Mito-HE for superoxide in vivo is limited by autooxidation as well as by nonsuperoxide-dependent cellular processes that can oxidize HE probes to ethidium (Etd). Recently, superoxide was shown to react with HE to generate 2-hydroxyethidium [Zhao, H., Kalivendi, S., Zhang, H., Joseph, J., Nithipatikom, K., Vasquez-Vivar, J. & Kalyanaraman, B. (2003) Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34, 1359-1368]. However, 2-hydroxyethidium is…

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Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Superoxide
  • Chemistry
  • Superoxide dismutase
  • Mitochondrion
  • Autoxidation
  • Reactive oxygen species
  • In vivo
  • Fluorescence
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Clean water and sanitation
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