reviewPsychological BulletinMay 31, 2011Closed access

Are leader stereotypes masculine? A meta-analysis of three research paradigms.

AMAnne M. KoenigAHAlice H. EaglyAAAbigail A. MitchellTRTiina Ristikari

University of San Diego · Northwestern University · +2 more institutions

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Abstract

This meta-analysis examined the extent to which stereotypes of leaders are culturally masculine. The primary studies fit into 1 of 3 paradigms: (a) In Schein's (1973) think manager-think male paradigm, 40 studies with 51 effect sizes compared the similarity of male and leader stereotypes and the similarity of female and leader stereotypes; (b) in Powell and Butterfield's (1979) agency-communion paradigm, 22 studies with 47 effect sizes compared stereotypes of leaders' agency and communion; and (c) in Shinar's (1975) masculinity-femininity paradigm, 7 studies with 101 effect sizes represented stereotypes of leadership-related occupations on a single masculinity-femininity dimension. Analyses implemented…

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Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Masculinity
  • Psychology
  • Social psychology
  • Femininity
  • Agency (philosophy)
  • Similarity (geometry)
  • Gender schema theory
  • Stereotype (UML)
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Gender equality
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