Characterizing Graphene, Graphite, and Carbon Nanotubes by Raman Spectroscopy

Recent advances in Raman spectroscopy for characterizing graphene, graphite, and carbon nanotubes are reviewed comparatively. We first discuss the first-order and the double-resonance (DR) second-order Raman scattering mechanisms in graphene, which give rise to the most prominent Raman features. Then, we review phonon-softening phenomena in Raman spectra as a function of gate voltage, which is known as the Kohn anomaly. Finally, we review exciton-specific phenomena in the resonance Raman spectra of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Raman spectroscopy of SWNTs has been especially useful for understanding many fundamental properties of all sp 2 carbons, given SWNTs can be either semiconducting or metallic…

• NS
  National Science Foundation
• CN
  Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
• FD
  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
• DO
  Division of Materials Research
• AF
  Air Force Office of Scientific Research