Handbook of Clean Energy Systems

Thermal energy used for heating and cooling represents a significant proportion of total energy use in industrial processes and is largely supplied by fossil fuels. Mechanical operations primarily powered by electricity also consume a large amount of energy. Both heating and cooling operations as well as mechanical operations release large amounts of heat into the environment; therefore, careful management of thermal energy is a key factor in reducing overall energy consumption and emissions. Energy-related pressures, incentives, and opportunities provide a strong business case to invest in improving energy efficiency. These include customer demand for “green” products, national taxes, and financial…