articleAnnual Review of Ecology Evolution and SystematicsNov 2, 2004Closed access

Application of Ecological Indicators

GJGerald J. NiemiMEMichael E. McDonald

University of Minnesota, Duluth · Environmental Protection Agency

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Abstract

▪ Abstract Ecological indicators have widespread appeal to scientists, environmental managers, and the general public. Indicators have long been used to detect changes in nature, but the scientific maturation in indicator development primarily has occurred in the past 40 years. Currently, indicators are mainly used to assess the condition of the environment, as early-warning signals of ecological problems, and as barometers for trends in ecological resources. Use of ecological indicators requires clearly stated objectives; the recognition of spatial and tempor al scales; assessments of statistical variability, precision, and accuracy; linkages with specific stressors; and coupling with economic and social…

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Topics
Keywords
  • Ecological indicator
  • Warning system
  • Environmental resource management
  • Ecology
  • Environmental planning
  • Geography
  • Business
  • Computer science
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