Artificial Pancreas: Past, Present, Future

The artificial pancreas (AP), known as closed-loop control of blood glucose in diabetes, is a system combining a glucose sensor, a control algorithm, and an insulin infusion device. AP developments can be traced back 50 years to when the possibility for external blood glucose regulation was established by studies in individuals with type 1 diabetes using intravenous glucose measurement and infusion of insulin and glucose. After the pioneering work by Kadish (1) in 1964, expectations for effectively closing the loop were inspired by the nearly simultaneous work of five teams reporting closed-loop control results between 1974 and 1978: Albisser et al. (2), Pfeiffer et al. (3), Mirouze et al. (4), Kraegen et al.…

• JD
  Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International
• MD
  Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca
• NI
  National Institutes of Health
• UO
  University of California, Santa Barbara
• NI
  National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases