Management Options for Reducing the Release of Antibiotics and Antibiotic Resistance Genes to the Environment

There is growing concern worldwide about the role of polluted soil and water environments in the development and dissemination of antibiotic resistance.

Our aim in this study was to identify management options for reducing the spread of antibiotics and antibiotic-resistance determinants via environmental pathways, with the ultimate goal of extending the useful life span of antibiotics. We also examined incentives and disincentives for action.