Robustness and Evolvability in Living Systems

List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 PART I: ROBUSTNESS BELOW THE GENE LEVEL 13 Chapter 2: The Genetic Alphabet 15 Chapter 3: The Genetic Code 25 Chapter 4: RNA Structure 39 Chapter 5: Proteins and Point Mutations 62 Chapter 6: Proteins and Recombination 78 PART II: ROBUSTNESS ABOVE THE GENE LEVEL 91 Chapter 7: Regulatory DNA Regions and Their Reorganization in Evolution 93 Chapter 8: Metabolic Pathways 104 Chapter 9: Metabolic Networks 120 Chapter 10: Drosophila Segmentation and Other Gene Regulatory Networks 143 Chapter 11: Phenotypic Traits, Cryptic Variation, and Human Diseases 161 Chapter 12: The Many Ways of Building the Same Body 175 PART III: COMMON PRINCIPLES 193 Chapter…