Clinical Manifestations of Kidney Disease Among US Adults With Diabetes, 1988-2014

Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of chronic and end-stage kidney disease in the United States and worldwide. Changes in demographics and treatments may affect the prevalence and clinical manifestations of diabetic kidney disease.

To characterize the clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with diabetes over time. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Serial cross-sectional studies of adults aged 20 years or older with diabetes mellitus participating in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 1988 through 2014. EXPOSURES: Diabetes was defined as hemoglobin A1c greater than 6.5% or use of glucose-lowering medications. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Albuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g), macroalbuminuria (urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥300 mg/g), reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR