High-quality β-Ga 2 O 3 single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth

Abstract β-Ga 2 O 3 bulk crystals were grown by the edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) process and the floating zone process. Semiconductor substrates containing no twin boundaries with sizes up to 4 in. in diameter were fabricated. It was found that Si was the main residual impurity in the EFG-grown crystals and that the effective donor concentration ( N d − N a ) of unintentionally doped crystals was governed by the Si concentration. Intentional n-type doping was shown to be possible. An etch pit observation revealed that the dislocation density was on the order of 10 3 cm −3 . N d − N a for the samples annealed in nitrogen ambient was almost the same as the Si concentration, while for the samples annealed…