Sex and gender differences in post-traumatic stress disorder: an update

Background: Women have a two to three times higher risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) compared to men. Several factors are involved explaining this difference (Christiansen & Hansen, 2015 Christiansen, D. M., & Hansen, M. (2015). Accounting for sex differences in PTSD: A multi-variable mediation model. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 6, 26068. doi:10.3402/ejpt.v6.26068[Taylor & Francis Online], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). Both psychosocial and biological explanations (e.g. oxytocin related) have been suggested and will be reviewed in this paper. To date, we are still behind in gender- and sex-sensitive research and reporting.Prevalence and type of trauma: The lifetime…