Protection challenges under bulk penetration of renewable energy resources in power systems: A review

Among different sources of alternate energy, wind and solar are two prominent and promising alternatives to meet the future electricity needs for mankind. Generally, these sources are integrated at the distribution utilities to supply the local distribution customers. If the power generated by these sources is bulk, then they are either integrated at the distribution/transmission level or may be operated in an island mode if feasible. The integration of these renewables in the power network will change the fault level and network topologies. These fault levels are intermittent in nature and existing protection schemes may fail to operate because of their pre-set condition. Therefore, the design and selection…