Heterotopic Ossification: A Comprehensive Review

ABSTRACT Heterotopic ossification (HO) is a diverse pathologic process, defined as the formation of extraskeletal bone in muscle and soft tissues. HO can be conceptualized as a tissue repair process gone awry and is a common complication of trauma and surgery. This comprehensive review seeks to synthesize the clinical, pathoetiologic, and basic biologic features of HO, including nongenetic and genetic forms. First, the clinical features, radiographic appearance, histopathologic diagnosis, and current methods of treatment are discussed. Next, current concepts regarding the mechanistic bases for HO are discussed, including the putative cell types responsible for HO formation, the inflammatory milieu and other…

• UD
  U.S. Department of Defense

  Awards: W81XWH‐18‐10613, W81XWH-18-1-0121, W81XWH, W81XWH-18-1-0336, W81XWH‐18‐1‐0121, W81XWH-18-10613, W81XWH-18, W81XWH‐18‐1‐0336
• AC
  American Cancer Society

  Award: RSG‐18‐027‐01‐CSM
• MT
  Musculoskeletal Transplant Foundation

  Awards: RSG-18-027-01-CSM, K08 AR068316, R01 AR070773
• PS
  Plastic Surgery Foundation
• MS
  Maryland Stem Cell Research Fund
• IF
  International Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva Association
• NI
  National Institutes of Health

  Awards: RSG-18-027-01-CSM, R01 GM123069, W81XWH, K08 AR068316, R01 AR071379, R01 AR070773
• NI
  National Institute of General Medical Sciences
• NI
  National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

  Awards: K08 AR068316, R21 DE027922, R01 AR070773, RSG-18-027-01-CSM, R01 AR071379
• NI
  National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  Awards: R01 AR070773, DE027922, R21 DE027922