Fungicides: An Overlooked Pesticide Class?

Fungicides are indispensable to global food security and their use is forecasted to intensify. Fungicides can reach aquatic ecosystems and occur in surface water bodies in agricultural catchments throughout the entire growing season due to their frequent, prophylactic application. However, in comparison to herbicides and insecticides, the exposure to and effects of fungicides have received less attention. We provide an overview of the risk of fungicides to aquatic ecosystems covering fungicide exposure (i.e., environmental fate, exposure modeling, and mitigation measures) as well as direct and indirect effects of fungicides on microorganisms, macrophytes, invertebrates, and vertebrates. We show that fungicides…

• UE
  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

  Award: 83518801
• UD
  U.S. Department of Agriculture

  Awards: NRI 2006-01370, 2009-35102-0543
• SF
  Svenska Forskningsrådet Formas

  Award: 942-2015-1568
• C
  Carlsbergfondet

  Award: 2013_01_0833
• UG
  U.S. Geological Survey
• ER
  European Regional Development Fund
• NI
  National Institute of General Medical Sciences

  Award: R01GM109499
• FI
  Fogarty International Center

  Award: R01TW010286
• DO
  Division of Emerging Frontiers

  Award: EF-1241889