preprintMathematics for industryOct 27, 2025HYBRID OA

SoK: A Taxonomy for Layer-2 Scalability Related Protocols for Cryptocurrencies

Tokyo Institute of Technology · Institut Input

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Abstract

Abstract Blockchain-based systems, in particular cryptocurrencies, face a serious limitation: scalability. This holds, especially, in terms of the number of transactions per second. Several alternatives are currently being pursued by both the research and practitioner communities. One venue for exploration is on protocols that do not constantly add transactions on the blockchain and therefore do not consume the blockchain’s resources. This is done using off-chain transactions, i.e. , protocols that minimize the interaction with the blockchain, also commonly known as Layer-2 approaches. This work relates several existing off-chain channel methods, also known as payment and state channels, channel network…

Citation impact

42
total citations
FWCI
7.15
Percentile
99%
References
75
Citations per year

Authors

4

Topics & keywords

Keywords
  • Cryptocurrency
  • Scalability
  • Computer science
  • Taxonomy (biology)
  • Layer (electronics)
  • Computer security
  • Database
  • Zoology
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Zero hunger
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