Tumor Microenvironment Dynamics in Clear-Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma stands out as one of the most immune-infiltrated tumors in pan-cancer comparisons. Features of the tumor microenvironment heavily affect disease biology and may affect responses to systemic therapy. With evolving frontline options in the metastatic setting, several immune checkpoint blockade regimens have emerged as efficacious, and there is growing interest in characterizing features of tumor biology that can reproducibly prognosticate patients and/or predict the likelihood of their deriving therapeutic benefit. Herein, we review pertinent characteristics of the tumor microenvironment with dedicated attention to candidate prognostic and predictive signatures as well as possible targets…