UKESM1: Description and Evaluation of the U.K. Earth System Model

Abstract We document the development of the first version of the U.K. Earth System Model UKESM1. The model represents a major advance on its predecessor HadGEM2‐ES, with enhancements to all component models and new feedback mechanisms. These include a new core physical model with a well‐resolved stratosphere; terrestrial biogeochemistry with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycles and enhanced land management; tropospheric‐stratospheric chemistry allowing the holistic simulation of radiative forcing from ozone, methane, and nitrous oxide; two‐moment, five‐species, modal aerosol; and ocean biogeochemistry with two‐way coupling to the carbon cycle and atmospheric aerosols. The complexity of coupling between the…

• SR
  Sight Research UK

  Awards: NE/N018079/1, ncas10016, nceo020005, NE/N018001/1, NE/N018036/1, NE/N01801X/1, nceo020006, bas0100033, NE/N017951/1, NE/N017978/1
• SF
  Seventh Framework Programme

  Award: 641816
• NE
  Natural Environment Research Council

  Awards: NE/N018079/1, ncas10016, NE/N018036/1, NE/N017978/1, NE/N017978/1, NE/N018079/1, nceo020005, bas0100033, NE/N01801X/1, NE/N018036/1, NE/N017951/1, NE/N01801X/1, nceo020006, NE/N017951/1, NE/N018001/1