Lithium–Oxygen Batteries and Related Systems: Potential, Status, and Future

The goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C requires a drastic reduction in CO2 emissions across many sectors of the world economy. Batteries are vital to this endeavor, whether used in electric vehicles, to store renewable electricity, or in aviation. Present lithium-ion technologies are preparing the public for this inevitable change, but their maximum theoretical specific capacity presents a limitation. Their high cost is another concern for commercial viability. Metal–air batteries have the highest theoretical energy density of all possible secondary battery technologies and could yield step changes in energy storage, if their practical difficulties could be overcome. The scope of this review is to…

• CF
  Council for Higher Education
• EA
  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

  Awards: EP/R010145/1, EP/R00661X/1, EP/M009521/1, EP/S019367/1
• KI
  Korea Institute of Energy Technology Evaluation and Planning

  Award: 20184010201720
• HE
  H2020 European Research Council

  Award: 636069