Cytokine storm and leukocyte changes in mild versus severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: Review of 3939 COVID-19 patients in China and emerging pathogenesis and therapy concepts

Clinical evidence indicates that the fatal outcome observed with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 infection often results from alveolar injury that impedes airway capacity and multi-organ failure-both of which are associated with the hyperproduction of cytokines, also known as a cytokine storm or cytokine release syndrome. Clinical reports show that both mild and severe forms of disease result in changes in circulating leukocyte subsets and cytokine secretion, particularly IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF, GM-CSF, IP-10 (IFN-induced protein 10), IL-17, MCP-3, and IL-1ra. Not surprising, therapies that target the immune response and curtail the cytokine storm in coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) patients have…

• PF
  Philadelphia Foundation
• SA
  Science and Technology Development Fund

  Awards: FDCT201/2017/A3, FDCT0056/2019/AFJ, FDCT014/2015/A1
• UD
  Universidade de Macau

  Awards: MYRG2016-00023-ICMS-QRCM, MYRG2017-00120-ICMS, MYRG2019-00169-ICMS, MYRG2016-00023-ICMS-QRCM, MYRG2016‐00023‐ICMS‐QRCM, MYRG2017-00120-ICMS, MYRG2017‐00120‐ICMS, MYRG2019‐00169‐ICMS
• FP
  Fundo para o Desenvolvimento das Ciências e da Tecnologia