Applications of electronic nose (e-nose) and electronic tongue (e-tongue) in food quality-related properties determination: A review

An e-nose or an e-tongue is a group of gas sensors or chemical sensors that simulate human nose or human tongue. Both e-nose and e-tongue have shown great promise and utility in improving assessments of food quality characteristics compared with traditional detection methods. This review summarizes the application of e-nose and e-tongue in determining the quality-related properties of foods. The working principles, applications, and limitations of the sensors employed by electronic noses and electronic tongues were introduced and compared. Widely employed pattern recognition algorithms, including artificial neural network (ANN), convolutional neural network (CNN), principal component analysis (PCA), partial…