Removal of pesticides from water and wastewater: Chemical, physical and biological treatment approaches

The levels of pesticides in water have increased due to their excessive use in the modern agricultural domain. Choosing a suitable water treatment method for pesticide removal depends on the type of pesticide and the efficacy of the treatment process. This review critically discusses and provides a detailed description of a variety of chemical, physical, and biological approaches for pesticide removal from water, such as advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, activated sludge, membrane bioreactors, and membrane technologies. Both single-treatment and hybrid methods are thoroughly described and critically discussed. The use of hybrid removal techniques offers potential opportunities to develop innovative…