Hard Carbon Anodes: Fundamental Understanding and Commercial Perspectives for Na‐Ion Batteries beyond Li‐Ion and K‐Ion Counterparts

Abstract Hard carbon (HC) is recognized as a promising anode material with outstanding electrochemical performance for alkali metal‐ion batteries including lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), as well as their analogs sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs). Herein, a comprehensive review of the recent research is presented to interpret the challenges and opportunities for the applications of HC anodes. The ion storage mechanisms, materials design, and electrolyte optimizations for alkali metal‐ion batteries are illustrated in‐depth. HC is particularly promising as an anode material for SIBs. The solid‐electrolyte interphase, initial Coulombic efficiency, safety concerns, and all‐climate…

• AR
  Australian Renewable Energy Agency

  Award: G00849
• AR
  Australian Research Council

  Awards: DE170100928, DP160102627