Triplet fusion upconversion nanocapsules for volumetric 3D printing

Three-dimensional (3D) printing has exploded in interest as new technologies have opened up a multitude of applications1–6, with stereolithography a particularly successful approach4,7–9. However, owing to the linear absorption of light, this technique requires photopolymerization to occur at the surface of the printing volume, imparting fundamental limitations on resin choice and shape gamut. One promising way to circumvent this interfacial paradigm is to move beyond linear processes, with many groups using two-photon absorption to print in a truly volumetric fashion3,7–9. Using two-photon absorption, many groups and companies have been able to create remarkable nanoscale structures4,5, but the laser power…

• NS
  National Science Foundation

  Awards: 2026822, ECCS-2026822, 1541959
• GA
  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
• HU
  Harvard University

  Award: 1541959
• CS
  Colorado School of Mines
• SN
  Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung

  Awards: P1SKP2 187676, 187676
• RI
  Rowland Institute at Harvard
• CE
  Chemistry, Engineering and Medicine for Human Health, Stanford University
• DO
  Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems

  Awards: 1541959, ECCS-2026822, 2026822