Cerebral Hemorrhage: Pathophysiology, Treatment, and Future Directions

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating form of stroke with high morbidity and mortality. This review article focuses on the epidemiology, cause, mechanisms of injury, current treatment strategies, and future research directions of ICH. Incidence of hemorrhagic stroke has increased worldwide over the past 40 years, with shifts in the cause over time as hypertension management has improved and anticoagulant use has increased. Preclinical and clinical trials have elucidated the underlying ICH cause and mechanisms of injury from ICH including the complex interaction between edema, inflammation, iron-induced injury, and oxidative stress. Several trials have investigated optimal medical and surgical…

• AH
  American Heart Association
• NI
  National Institutes of Health

  Awards: R01NS097728, NS092521, U01-NS080824, R01NS095993
• NI
  National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

  Awards: R01NS097728, U01-NS080824, R01NS095993, NS092521