A Review of Road Traffic-Derived Non-Exhaust Particles: Emissions, Physicochemical Characteristics, Health Risks, and Mitigation Measures

Implementation of regulatory standards has reduced exhaust emissions of particulate matter from road traffic substantially in the developed world. However, nonexhaust particle emissions arising from the wear of brakes, tires, and the road surface, together with the resuspension of road dust, are unregulated and exceed exhaust emissions in many jurisdictions. While knowledge of the sources of nonexhaust particles is fairly good, source-specific measurements of airborne concentrations are few, and studies of the toxicology and epidemiology do not give a clear picture of the health risk posed. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge, with a strong focus on health-related research, highlighting areas…

• HE
  Health Effects Institute
• W
  Wellcome

  Award: 209376/Z/17/Z
• WT
  Wellcome Trust

  Awards: 209376/Z/17/Z, Z/17/Z, MR/S0196669/1, RDR03, 209376
• NI
  National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit
• NI
  National Institute for Health and Care Research

  Awards: RDR03, 209376/Z/17/Z, MR/S0196669/1
• BH
  British Heart Foundation

  Award: CH/09/002
• SR
  Sight Research UK

  Award: 2125864
• IC
  Imperial College London

  Awards: MR/S0196669/1, RDR03, 209376/Z/17/Z
• T
  Trafikverket
• MC
  MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health

  Awards: RDR03, 209376/Z/17/Z, MR/S0196669/1
• NI
  National Institutes of Health
• MR
  Medical Research Council

  Awards: MR/S019669/1, 209376/Z/17/Z, PUAG019, MR/T03226X/1, MC_EX_MR/S300012/1, RDR03, 20192024, MR/S0196669/1, MR/ S0196669/1
• NE
  Natural Environment Research Council

  Awards: NE/S013342/2, 2125864, NE/T001909/2
• NI
  NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre

  Awards: RDR03, MR/S0196669/1, 209376/Z/17/Z
• NI
  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

  Award: ES031986