Long COVID burden and risk factors in 10 UK longitudinal studies and electronic health records

The frequency of, and risk factors for, long COVID are unclear among community-based individuals with a history of COVID-19. To elucidate the burden and possible causes of long COVID in the community, we coordinated analyses of survey data from 6907 individuals with self-reported COVID-19 from 10 UK longitudinal study (LS) samples and 1.1 million individuals with COVID-19 diagnostic codes in electronic healthcare records (EHR) collected by spring 2021. Proportions of presumed COVID-19 cases in LS reporting any symptoms for 12+ weeks ranged from 7.8% and 17% (with 1.2 to 4.8% reporting debilitating symptoms). Increasing age, female sex, white ethnicity, poor pre-pandemic general and mental health,…

• UO
  University of Essex

  Award: ES/K005146/1
• WT
  Wellcome Trust

  Awards: SCAF/15/02, 204813, WT212904/Z/18/Z, WT101597MA, 216767, 217065/Z/19/Z, 216767/Z/19/Z, 104036/Z/14/Z, 202802/Z/16/Z, 204813/Z/16/Z, 221574/Z/20/Z, 217065, 202802
• CD
  Chronic Disease Research Foundation
• SG
  Scottish Government

  Awards: SPHSU17, SCAF/15/02, CZD/16/6
• UR
  UK Research and Innovation

  Awards: ES/V012789/1, COV-LT-0009, 204813, COV0076
• CR
  Cancer Research UK

  Awards: A29019, MC_UU_00011/1, C18281/A29019, C18281
• NI
  National Institute for Health and Care Research

  Awards: COV0076; MR/V015737, 217065/Z/19/Z, 204813, COV-LT-0009, NIHR200166, MC_UU_00011/1
• BH
  British Heart Foundation

  Awards: MC_UU_00011/1, WT101597MA, CS/16/4/32482
• DO
  Department of Health and Social Care
• SF
  Scottish Funding Council

  Awards: HR03006, 216767/Z/19/Z
• AA
  Asthma and Lung UK
• KC
  King's College London
• HA
  Health and Safety Executive

  Award: MC_PC_20030
• UO
  University of Bristol

  Awards: 217065/Z/19/Z, 204813, MC_UU_00011/1, 204813/Z/16/Z, MC_UU_00011/3
• PH
  Public Health England
• CS
  Chief Scientist Office, Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorate

  Awards: SCAF/15/02, SPHSU17
• EB
  Elizabeth Blackwell Institute for Health Research, University of Bristol

  Award: 204813/Z/16/Z
• MR
  Medical Research Council

  Awards: 217065/Z/19/Z, MC_UU_00022/2, MC_UU_00019/1, MR/N024397/1, COV-LT-0009, MC_UU_00019/2, 104036/Z/14/Z, SPHSU17, 202802/Z/16/Z, 217065, MC_UU_00022, MC_UU_00011/3, MC_UU_00022/2, MC_PC_15018, MR/P023444/1, MC_UU_00011/1, MC_UU_00019/2, MC_UU_00011/3, MC_UU_00011/1, MC_PC_19009, MR/R024774/1, 204813, COVID-19, MC_UU_00011, COV0076, MC_PC_20030
• EA
  Economic and Social Research Council

  Awards: ES/K005146/1, ES/V012789/1, ES/V011650/1, ES/V011650/1, ES/L000164/1, ES/W013142/1, ES/T002611/1, ES/M001660/1, ES/K005146/1
• NO
  NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
• NI
  National Institute for Health and Care Research Applied Research Collaboration Oxford and Thames Valley