Immune checkpoint modulators in cancer immunotherapy: recent advances and emerging concepts

The discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has now been universally acknowledged as a significant breakthrough in tumor therapy after the targeted treatment of checkpoint molecules: anti-programmed cell death protein 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) and anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) on several cancer types achieved satisfying results. However, there are still quite a lot of patients suffering from severe side effects and ineffective treatment outcomes. Although the current ICI therapy is far from satisfying, a series of novel immune checkpoint molecules with remarkable preclinical and clinical benefits are being widely investigated, like the V-domain Ig…

• NN
  National Natural Science Foundation of China

  Awards: 2018M633002, 2018JJ3838, 2018SK2101, 82073893, 81703622, 202204044869, 82172685, 81873635
• CS
  Central South University
• CP
  China Postdoctoral Science Foundation

  Awards: 81873635, 82073893, 81703622, 2018JJ3838, 2018SK2101, 2018M633002
• NS
  Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province

  Awards: 202204044869, 81703622, 2018M633002, 2022JJ20095, 81873635, 2018SK2101, 2018JJ3838, 82073893
• XH
  Xiangya Hospital, Central South University

  Awards: 202204044869, 2018JJ3838