Global epidemiology of alcohol-associated cirrhosis and HCC: trends, projections and risk factors

Heavy alcohol consumption is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Globally, alcohol per-capita consumption rose from 5.5 litres in 2005 to 6.4 litres in 2016 and is projected to increase further to 7.6 litres in 2030. In 2019, an estimated 25% of global cirrhosis deaths were associated with alcohol. The global estimated age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of alcohol-associated cirrhosis was 4.5 per 100,000 population, with the highest and lowest ASDR in Africa and the Western Pacific, respectively. The annual incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis ranged from 0.9% to 5.6%. Alcohol was associated with approximately one-fifth of global HCC-related deaths…

• UD
  U.S. Department of Defense
• MR
  Medical Research Council
• NM
  National Medical Research Council
• FP
  Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia
• NH
  National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
• NI
  National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences
• NC
  National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
• DP
  DOD Peer Reviewed Cancer Research Program