Ecotoxicological consequences of manganese mining pollutants and their biological remediation

Over the years, mining and metallurgical activities have rapidly influenced the human population. The manufacturing process of manganese (Mn) compounds and their use in industries increased the negative effect on the environment. Therefore, the recovery process of Mn from metal-containing wastes has become very crucial. Mn is a trace mineral found in various forms in the earth's crust and is present abundantly in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Due to the presence of high-level toxicity in surface waters, aquatic organisms exhibit a high-level toxic response. Mn is composed of many minerals such as oxides, sulfates, carbonates, etc. found naturally in the earth. Chronic exposure to this metal pollutant…