A Materials Perspective on Direct Recycling of Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Principles, Challenges and Opportunities

Abstract As the dominant means of energy storage technology today, the widespread deployment of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) would inevitably generate countless spent batteries at their end of life. From the perspectives of environmental protection and resource sustainability, recycling is a necessary strategy to manage end‐of‐life LIBs. Compared with traditional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, the emerging direct recycling technology, rejuvenating spent electrode materials via a non‐destructive way, has attracted rising attention due to its energy efficient processes along with increased economic return and reduced CO 2 footprint. This review investigates the state‐of‐the‐art…

• NS
  National Science Foundation

  Awards: CBET-1805570, CBET‐1805570, 1805570
• UD
  U.S. Department of Energy
• NN
  National Natural Science Foundation of China

  Award: 22208365
• GO
  Government of Jiangsu Province
• NS
  Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province

  Award: BK20220298
• OO
  Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
• UO
  University of California, San Diego
• DO
  Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems

  Award: CBET-1805570
• VT
  Vehicle Technologies Office
• OO
  Office of Energy Efficiency