Decarbonisation and hydrogen integration of steel industries: Recent development, challenges and technoeconomic analysis

The steel industry is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas emissions with significant energy demand. Currently, 73% of the world's steel is manufactured through the coal-coke-based blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace route (BF-BOF), emitting about two tonnes of CO2 per tonne of steel produced. This review reports the major technologies, recent developments, challenges and technoeconomic comparison of steelmaking technologies, emphasising the integration of hydrogen in emerging and established ironmaking and steelmaking processes. Significant trials are underway, especially in Germany, to replace coal injected in the tuyeres of the blast furnace with hydrogen. However, it is not clear that this approach…