reviewInternational Journal of Molecular SciencesApr 19, 2023GOLD OA

Tumor-Associated Macrophage Subsets: Shaping Polarization and Targeting

QZQindong ZhangMSMouldy Sioud

Oslo University Hospital · University of Oslo

PubMed
Indexed incrossrefpubmed

Abstract

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a critical regulator of tumor growth, progression, and metastasis. Among the innate immune cells recruited to the tumor site, macrophages are the most abundant cell population and are present at all stages of tumor progression. They undergo M1/M2 polarization in response to signals derived from TME. M1 macrophages suppress tumor growth, while their M2 counterparts exert pro-tumoral effects by promoting tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, and resistance to current therapies. Several subsets of the M2 phenotype have been observed, often denoted as M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d. These are induced by different stimuli and differ in phenotypes as well as functions. In this review,…

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273
total citations
FWCI
42.54
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100%
References
160
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Authors

2

Topics & keywords

Topics
Keywords
  • Macrophage polarization
  • Tumor microenvironment
  • Metastasis
  • Tumor progression
  • Angiogenesis
  • Cancer research
  • Regulator
  • Immune system
UN Sustainable Development Goals
  • Good health and well-being
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