Abstract

The utilization of bio-functionalities such as biorecognition or catalysis derived them their name biosensors. Bio-electrochemical sensing is a new discipline that combines the advantages of biological detection and electrochemical transduction. Bio-electrochemical sensors are devices that use biological materials such as enzymes, antibodies, DNA, or cells as receptors to detect target analytes in a variety of samples. Electrodes convert biological interactions into electrical impulses, which can be studied using various electrochemical techniques. Bio-electrochemical sensors have demonstrated significant promise for use in clinical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and biotechnology.…

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