Large language models in health care: Development, applications, and challenges

Recently, the emergence of ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI, has attracted significant attention due to its exceptional language comprehension and content generation capabilities, highlighting the immense potential of large language models (LLMs). LLMs have become a burgeoning hotspot across many fields, including health care. Within health care, LLMs may be classified into LLMs for the biomedical domain and LLMs for the clinical domain based on the corpora used for pre-training. In the last 3 years, these domain-specific LLMs have demonstrated exceptional performance on multiple natural language processing tasks, surpassing the performance of general LLMs as well. This not only…