Revisiting the “forever chemicals”, PFOA and PFOS exposure in drinking water

Abstract Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), known as the most detected per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in various environmental compartments, have been associated with plastic pollution and endocrine dysfunction. Over the past 180 years (1839–2019), numerous emerging contaminants have been identified, with PFOA and PFOS receiving considerable attention based on scientific evidence and publications. Between 2018 and 2019, PFOA and PFOS experienced a relatively high increase rate of 18.8% and 13.6%, respectively. While developed countries have made progress in establishing stringent guidelines, developing and underdeveloped countries often lack regulations and…

• MD
  Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica
• IP
  Institut Penyelidikan Air Kebangsaan Malaysia
• MO
  Ministry of Environment
• UP
  Universiti Putra Malaysia
• UM
  Universiti Malaysia Sarawak