Influence of natural gas and hydrogen properties on internal combustion engine performance, combustion, and emissions: A review

This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the physical properties and applications of natural gas (NG) and hydrogen as fuels in internal combustion (IC) engines. The paper also meticulously examines the use of both NG and hydrogen as a fuel in vehicles, their production, physical characteristics, and combustion properties. It reviews the current experimental studies in the literature and investigates the results of using both fuels. It further covers the challenges associated with injectors, needle valves, lubrication, spark plugs, and safety requirements for both fuels. Finally, the challenges related to the storage, production, and safety of both fuels are also discussed. The literature review reveals…