The roles and regulatory mechanisms of TGF-β and BMP signaling in bone and cartilage development, homeostasis and disease

Transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) and bone morphometric proteins (BMPs) belong to the TGF-β superfamily and perform essential functions during osteoblast and chondrocyte lineage commitment and differentiation, skeletal development, and homeostasis. TGF-βs and BMPs transduce signals through SMAD-dependent and -independent pathways; specifically, they recruit different receptor heterotetramers and R-Smad complexes, resulting in unique biological readouts. BMPs promote osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and chondrogenesis at all differentiation stages, while TGF-βs play different roles in a stage-dependent manner. BMPs and TGF-β have opposite functions in articular cartilage homeostasis. Moreover, TGF-β has a…

• NN
  National Natural Science Foundation of China

  Awards: 32070814, 81900806
• ZU
  Zhejiang University
• NI
  National Institutes of Health

  Awards: AR-070135, AG-056438
• NI
  National Institute on Aging

  Award: AG056438
• NI
  National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

  Awards: AR075735, AR070135
• NI
  National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research

  Awards: DE023813, DE028264