Urban heat mitigation by green and blue infrastructure: Drivers, effectiveness, and future needs

•This review focuses on how to mitigate the risk of urban overheating by green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI).•Fifty-one GBGI types in 10 key categories assessed by monitoring > modeling > remote sensing > mixed methods.•Highest cooling efficiency: botanical garden > wetland > green wall > street trees.•New GBGI implementation should consider future climate impact, multifunctional co-benefits, and unintended consequences. The combination of urbanization and global warming leads to urban overheating and compounds the frequency and intensity of extreme heat events due to climate change. Yet, the risk of urban overheating can be mitigated by urban green-blue-grey infrastructure (GBGI), such as parks, wetlands,…

• UR
  UK Research and Innovation

  Awards: EP/W034034/1, NE/V002171/1
• SR
  Sight Research UK

  Awards: NE/X000443/1, NE/M010961/1, NE/X002772/1
• FD
  Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo

  Awards: 2019/, 2016/18438-0, 2019/08783-0, 2022/02365-5
• NN
  National Natural Science Foundation of China

  Awards: 52225005, 52278090
• H2
  Horizon 2020 Framework Programme

  Awards: 2021YFE93100, 821016
• AA
  Arts and Humanities Research Council
• EA
  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

  Awards: EP/W034034/1, H2020, EP/R017727/1, EP/W033984/1, EP/R017727, EP/W034034/1
• NE
  Natural Environment Research Council

  Awards: NE/X000443/1, NE/X002799/1, NE/X002772/1, NE/X002772/1, NE/M010961/1, NE/M010961/1, NE/V002171/1