Antimicrobial resistance: Impacts, challenges, and future prospects

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a critical global health issue driven by antibiotic misuse and overuse in various sectors, leading to the emergence of resistant microorganisms. The history of AMR dates back to the discovery of penicillin, with the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens posing significant challenges to healthcare systems worldwide. The misuse of antibiotics in human and animal health, as well as in agriculture, contributes to the spread of resistance genes, creating a "Silent Pandemic" that could surpass other causes of mortality by 2050. AMR affects both humans and animals, with resistant pathogens posing challenges in treating infections. Various mechanisms, such as enzymatic modification…