The underappreciated diversity of bile acid modifications

The repertoire of modifications to bile acids and related steroidal lipids by host and microbial metabolism remains incompletely characterized. To address this knowledge gap, we created a reusable resource of tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) spectra by filtering 1.2 billion publicly available MS/MS spectra for bile-acid-selective ion patterns. Thousands of modifications are distributed throughout animal and human bodies as well as microbial cultures. We employed this MS/MS library to identify polyamine bile amidates, prevalent in carnivores. They are present in humans, and their levels alter with a diet change from a Mediterranean to a typical American diet. This work highlights the existence of many more bile…

• NS
  National Science Foundation

  Awards: U19AG063744, 2152526
• UD
  U.S. Department of Agriculture

  Award: U01DK119702
• GA
  Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
• NS
  National Sleep Foundation
• UO
  University of Pennsylvania
• PS
  Pennsylvania State University

  Award: UL1TR000127
• IS
  Israel Science Foundation

  Award: 1947/19
• M
  Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
• NI
  National Institutes of Health

  Awards: S10OD021750, R03OD034493, UL1TR000127, R01GM107550, U19AG063744, U24DK133658
• NS
  Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada

  Awards: RGPIN-2020-04895, RGPIN-2020, 2020-04895
• BA
  Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council

  Award: 2152526
• NC
  National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences

  Award: UL1TR000127