Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs): A versatile material for biosensor application

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have become the focus of rapid research due to their unique optical and electronic properties. There has been a noticeable increase in papers relating to AuNPs, with over 71,000 publications between 2019 and 2024. AuNPs possess exceptional stability, low resistance, high conductivity, and extensive light interaction, making them well-suited for biological sensing applications. This literature study begins by examining different approaches for synthesizing AuNPs, including chemical, physical, and biological methods, before exploring their use as biosensors. A comprehensive examination of the various detection methods, including localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), luminescence,…