Estimation of useful-stage energy returns on investment for fossil fuels and implications for renewable energy systems

Abstract The net energy implications of the energy transition have so far been analysed at best at the final energy stage. Here we argue that expanding the analysis to the useful stage is crucial. We estimate fossil fuelsʼ useful-stage energy returns on investment (EROIs) over the period 1971–2020, globally and nationally, and disaggregate EROIs by end use. We find that fossil fuelsʼ useful-stage EROIs (~3.5:1) are considerably lower than at the final stage (~8.5:1), due to low final-to-useful efficiencies. Further, we estimate the final-stage EROI for which electricity-yielding renewable energy would deliver the same net useful energy as fossil fuels (EROI equivalent) to be approximately 4.6:1. The EROIs of…

• UR
  UK Research and Innovation

  Awards: EP/R035288/1, EP/R024251/1
• UO
  University of Leeds
• EA
  Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council

  Awards: EP/R024251/1, EP/R035288/1, EP/R035288/1, R024251/1, EP/R024251/1