Production and modifications of biochar to engineered materials and its application for environmental sustainability: a review

Abstract Biochar, a carbon-rich material produced from biomass waste through thermal conversion, holds great environmental promise. This article offers a comprehensive overview of the various feedstocks used in biochar production, the different types of thermal degradation processes, biochar characterization, properties, modifications to engineered materials, and their applications in the environment. The quality of biochar, including surface area, pore size and volume, and functional group formation, is significantly influenced by the specific conditions under which thermal conversion takes place. Each of the diverse processes employed to produce biochar yields a distinct set of properties in the final…