Advancing the hydrogen production economy: A comprehensive review of technologies, sustainability, and future prospects

The transition to a hydrogen-based economy presents a promising solution to the challenges posed by unsustainable energy systems and reliance on fossil fuels. This comprehensive review explores various hydrogen production methods, emphasizing their technological advancements, sustainability implications, and future prospects. Beginning with an overview of hydrogen's significance as a clean energy carrier, the review examines key production methods such as Steam Methane Reforming, Electrolysis (Proton Exchange Membrane, alkaline, solid oxide), Biomass Gasification, Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting, and Thermochemical Processes. Each method is scrutinized for its efficiency, environmental impact, and…